0 Preface
This article makes further research and discussion on the computer network communication protocol, the principle of selecting network communication protocol, the installation, setting and testing of TCP / IP communication protocol.
1 Network communication protocol
At present, the communication protocols commonly used in the local area network are: NetBEUI protocol, IPX / SPX compatible protocol and TCP / IP protocol.
1.1 NetBEUI protocol â‘ NetBEUI is a communication protocol with small size, high efficiency and fast speed. In the mainstream products of Microsoft today, in Windows and WindowsNT, NetBEUI has become its inherent default protocol. NetBEUI is specially designed for single-segment departmental small local area networks composed of several to more than one hundred PCs. â‘¡ NetBEUI contains a network interface standard NetBIOS. NetBIOS is a standard used by IBM to realize mutual communication between PCs and is a communication specification used on small local area networks. The network consists of PCs, and the maximum number of users does not exceed 30.
1.2 IPX / SPX and its compatible protocol â‘ IPX / SPX is Novell's communication protocol set. The obvious difference with NetBEUI is that IPX / SPX appears to be relatively large and has strong adaptability in complex environments. Because IPX / SPX has considered the problem of multiple network segments from the beginning of the design, it has powerful routing functions and is suitable for large-scale networks. â‘¡IPX / SPX and its compatible protocols do not require any configuration, it can identify its identity by "network address". The network address in a Novell network is composed of two parts: a "network ID" indicating a physical network segment and a "node ID" indicating a special device. The network ID is concentrated in the NetWare server or router, and the node ID is the ID number of each network card. All network IDs and node IDs are a unique "internal IPX address". It is because of the uniqueness of the network address that IPX / SPX has a strong routing function. In the IPX / SPX protocol, IPX is the lowest-level protocol of NetWare. It is only responsible for the movement of data in the network, and it does not guarantee whether the data is successfully transmitted or provides error correction services. When IPX is responsible for data transmission, if the receiving node is in the same network segment, it will directly transmit the data to it according to the ID of the node; if the receiving node is remote, the data will be handed over to the network ID of the NetWare server or router to continue The next transmission of data. SPX is responsible for error-free processing of the transmitted data throughout the protocol. IPX / SPX is also called "Novell's protocol set". â‘¢NWLink communication protocol. Windows NT provides two IPX / SPX compatible protocols: "NWLinkSPX / SPX compatible protocol" and "NWLink NetBIOS", both of which are collectively referred to as "NWLink communication protocol." The realization of it, while inheriting the advantages of IPX / SPX protocol, is more suitable for Microsoft's operating system and network environment. Windows NT network and Windows users can use the NWLink protocol to obtain NetWare server services. When switching from the Novell environment to the Microsoft platform, or when both platforms coexist, the NWLink communication protocol is the best choice.
1.3 TCP / IP protocol TCP / IP is currently the most commonly used communication protocol, and it is a general protocol in the computer world. In the local area network, TCP / IP first appeared in Unix systems, and almost all manufacturers and operating systems now support it. At the same time, TCP / IP is also the basic protocol of the Internet. ①TCP / IP has high flexibility, supports networks of any size, and can connect almost all servers and workstations. But its flexibility also brings a lot of inconvenience to its use. No configuration is required when using NetBEUI and IPX / SPX and their compatible protocols, and the TCP / IP protocol must first be used with complicated settings. Each node requires at least one "IP address", one "subnet mask", one "default gateway" and one "host name". In Windows NT, a tool called Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is provided, which can automatically distribute the information needed for clients to connect to the network, reducing the burden on networking and avoiding errors. Like IPX / SPX and its compatible protocols, TCP / IP is also a routable protocol. TCP / IP addresses are hierarchical, which makes it easy to identify and find users on the Internet, and also improves the utilization of network bandwidth. When needed, a server running the TCP / IP protocol (such as a Windows NT server) can also be configured as a TCP / IP router. Unlike TCP / IP, IPX in the IPX / SPX protocol uses a broadcast protocol, which often suffers from broadcast packet congestion, so the best network bandwidth cannot be obtained. ② TCP / IP protocol in Windows. Windows users can not only use TCP / IP to form a peer-to-peer network, but also easily access other servers. If the Windows workstation only has the TCP / IP protocol installed, it cannot directly join the Windows NT domain. Although the workstation can access the Internet through a proxy server (such as a Proxy Server) running on a Windows NT server, it cannot log in to the domain of the Windows NT server through it. To allow Windows users who only install the TCP / IP protocol to join the Windows NT domain, the NetBEUI protocol must also be installed on Windows. ③Configuration of TCP / IP protocol in LAN. As long as you have some knowledge about TCP / IP, it is also very convenient to use. ④IP address. The TCP / IP protocol also relies on its own IP address to identify its location and identity on the Internet. The IP address is also composed of two parts: "Network ID" and "Node ID" (or HOST ID, host address). A complete IP address is composed of 32-bit (bit) binary numbers, each 8-bit (1 byte) is a segment, a total of 4 segments (Segment1 ~ Segment4), "," between segments Separate. In order to facilitate the application, the IP address is not directly used in binary in actual use, but expressed in decimal numbers familiar to everyone, such as 192.168.0.1. When choosing an IP address, the general principle is that the IP address of each device in the network must be unique, and the same IP address is not allowed on different devices. ⑤ Subnet mask. The subnet mask is used to manage the subnet, mainly to expand the "network ID" in the IP address in a multi-segment environment. For example, the IP address of a node is 192.168.0.1, which is a class C network. A total of 24 bits in the first three segments are used to represent the "network ID"; a total of 8 bits in the last segment can be freely assigned as the "node ID". ⑥ Gateway. Gateway (Gateway) is used to connect heterogeneous network settings. It acts as a translator's identity and is responsible for translating different communication protocols so that two networks running different protocols can communicate with each other. If a Windows NT user running the TCP / IP protocol wants to access Novell network resources running the IPX / SPX protocol, the gateway must be used as an intermediary. If the two networks running the TCP / IP protocol are interconnected, you can use the "Default Gateway" provided by Windows NT. ⑦Host name. The only thing on the network that can represent the identity of a user or device is an IP address. But in general, many IP addresses are not easy to remember, and it is not convenient to operate. In order to improve this situation, we can give each user or device a meaningful name, such as "HAOYUN".
2 Principles for choosing network communication protocol
2.1 The selected protocol must be consistent with the network structure and function. If your network has multiple network segments or you want to connect through a router, you cannot use the NetBEUI protocol that does not have routing and cross-network segment operation functions. Instead, you must choose protocols such as IPX / SPX or TCP / IP. In addition, if your network is small, and it is only for simple file and device sharing, then your most concern is network speed, so when choosing a protocol, you should choose a protocol that occupies less memory and has a higher bandwidth utilization, such as NetBEUI. When your network is large and the network structure is complex, you should choose a protocol with better manageability and scalability, such as TCP / IP.
2.2 Except for special circumstances, a network should try to choose only one communication protocol. In reality, the practice of many people is to select multiple protocols at once, or to select all the protocols provided by the system. In fact, this is very undesirable. Because each protocol occupies the memory of the computer, the more protocols selected, the more memory resources the computer occupies. On the one hand, it affects the running speed of the computer, on the other hand, it is not conducive to the management of the network. In fact, a communication protocol in a network can meet the needs.
2.3 Pay attention to the protocol version. Each protocol has its development and improvement process, so different versions have appeared, and each version of the protocol has its most suitable network environment. On the whole, the function and performance of the higher version protocol are better than those of the lower version. Therefore, in the selection, on the premise of meeting the network function requirements, you should try to choose a higher version of the communication protocol.
2.4 Consistency of the agreement. If you want to allow two computers to communicate with each other to have a conversation, they must use the same communication protocol. Otherwise, a "translation" is needed in the middle to convert different protocols, which not only affects the communication speed, but also is not conducive to the safe and stable operation of the network.
3 Installation, setting and testing of TCP / IP communication protocol
Some communication protocols in the local area network will automatically install the Net-BEUI communication protocol when installing the operating system; when installing NetWare, the system will automatically install the IPX / SPX communication protocol. Among the three protocols, NetBEUI and IPX / SPX can be used directly without installation after installation, but TCP / IP must go through the necessary settings. The following is the installation, setting and testing method of TCP / IP protocol under WindowsNT environment. â‘ Installation of TCP / IP communication protocol: In Windows NT, if TCP / IP communication protocol is not installed, you can select "Start / Settings / Control Panel / Network". After the "Network" dialog box appears, select "" Protocol / Add "command, select the TCP / IP protocol, and then click" OK "button. The system will ask if you want to set up the "DHCP server". If your IP address is fixed, you can choose "No". Subsequently, the system began to copy the required files from the installation disk. â‘¡Setting of TCP / IP communication protocol: Select the installed TCP / IP protocol in the "Network" dialog box, open its "Properties", and enter the assigned "IP address" and "Subnet mask" in the specified location . If the user wants to access other Windows NT network resources, he can also enter the address of the gateway at the "Default Gateway". â‘¢Test of TCP / IP communication protocol: When the TCP / IP protocol is installed and set up, in order to ensure its normal operation, it must be tested before use. The author recommends that you use the system's own tool program PING.EXE, which can check whether any user is connected to other users on the same network segment, whether it is normally connected with users on other network segments, and can also check out their own IP Whether the address conflicts with other users' IP addresses.
4 Conclusion
When setting up a local area network, which network communication protocol to choose depends on the network scale, network compatibility, and network management. If it is a small network, you can choose the NetBEUI communication protocol; if you are migrating from NetWare to Windows NT, or when the two platforms coexist, you can choose IPX / SPX and its compatible protocol; if it is a highly efficient, interconnectable and extensible Network, we must choose TCP / IP protocol.
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