The 5G will not only be deployed below 6 GHz (such as the 3.5 GHz mid-band), but will also be deployed in the high-frequency millimeter-wave band. In the future, operators will inevitably deploy and test millimeter-wave base stations in hotspots, and pilot the wireless broadband access.
Throughout the global market, operators are conducting millimeter wave networking testing. For example, US operator Verizon has begun network deployment for fixed wireless access scenarios in the 28 GHz band.
China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology approved 24.75~27.5GHz and 37~42.5GHz as the main test and development frequency bands of China's millimeter wave. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has also carried out high-frequency system testing in the second phase of 5G trials. All equipment vendors are involved, and the main test frequency bands are concentrated in the 26 GHz band.
Among them, the high-frequency products actively launched by Datang Mobile are in the prototype stage, which can meet the index parameters of the second and third stages of the 5G technology R&D test of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. In order to understand the most likely deployment scenarios of millimeter waves in the 5G era, the challenges of networking, chips, and terminals, the "Communication World" all-media reporter interviewed Datang Mobile 5G expert Duan Wei.
Mainly used in indoor hotspots and dense urban areas
It is well known that the application scenarios of millimeter waves are mainly for large-bandwidth and high-capacity applications. The eMBB scenario for high-bandwidth can be used in hotspot areas with large population density and large network capacity requirements. According to 3GPP TR38.913, several scenarios related to high-band applications are: indoor hotspots, dense urban areas, macro coverage, high-speed rail access and backhaul, and satellite extension to the ground.
"But we believe that the application scenarios of millimeter waves are mainly the first two." Duan said. Millimeter waves are too large for macro coverage investment, and Chinese operators will not consider it. Millimeter waves, if used for high-speed rail and satellite expansion to the ground, do not currently have a clear deployment scenario.
Another possible application scenario is that the operator uses the large-scale array antenna technology of the millimeter wave system to form a part of the beam for network backhaul by using beamforming, and a part of the beam can be used for capacity coverage, thereby replacing the traditional optical network, saving Network deployment costs.
The future millimeter wave system can be used for indoor venues and office areas, and can also be applied to outdoor hotspot coverage, wireless broadband access, etc., and can be combined with mobile communication networks below 6 GHz to form a dual-connected heterogeneous network to achieve large capacity and wide coverage. With organic integration, there is huge market space in the future.
The characteristics of the millimeter wave determine that its networking mode also presents new features. According to Duan Wei, according to the characteristics of the band, 5G will use the low frequency and the intermediate frequency for continuous coverage, and the high frequency will cover the hot spot. Moreover, the high-band and medium-low frequency bands can be combined in a dual-connection manner.
"In addition, because the number of antennas integrated in the millimeter wave system and the number of RF channels are very high, cost and heat dissipation issues need to be considered. High and low frequency cooperative networking can better meet the user's demand for coverage and capacity." Say.
New requirements for 5G chips and terminals
Compared to low and medium frequencies, the use of high frequency millimeter waves will place new demands on 5G chips and 5G terminals. In terms of chips, Duan Wei introduced that the millimeter wave wavelength is short, the antenna array is small, and the volume is limited. The power consumption of the chip and the heat dissipation design of the whole machine are very high, and new requirements for chip design improvement are also put forward.
For example, since a large-scale antenna with hybrid beamforming needs a multi-channel integrated RF chip supporting analog beamforming, the current design of a millimeter wave chip should be based on a radio frequency integrated chip, that is, the radio frequency chip needs to integrate an PA, an LNA, an RF switch, AM, phase modulator, etc.
Because traditional discrete chips are unlikely to be applied in the millimeter wave front end, the design of the RF integrated chip will have various solutions. Different series of chips based on CMOS, GaAs and GaN materials can be used for different power levels.
On the terminal side, the millimeter wave will bring three major changes. First, because the high frequency band supports high bandwidth and supports larger data throughput, this puts higher requirements on the processing capability of the terminal chip. Second, the high frequency band needs the terminal to also support. Digital-analog hybrid antenna, on the relatively small terminal, how to design the antenna also puts new requirements on the terminal; Third, the larger processing capacity increases the chip area requirement, increases the chip power consumption, and the multi-antenna increases the terminal's The transmission power increases the power consumption of the terminal.
Faced with these demands, Datang Mobile has been actively conducting research and cooperation with all parties in the industry and has achieved many achievements. In 2017, Datang Mobile completed the functional test of the millimeter wave AAU RF and 5G NR parameter sets. "In 2018, Datang Mobile will actively cooperate with the third phase of the 5G technology R&D test of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to complete the relevant test objectives." Talking about the development plan of Datang in millimeter wave in 2018, Duan said.
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