For better clock control, the Virtex-6 device is divided into several clock regions, the smallest device has six regions, and the largest device has 18 regions. Each clock area is 40 CLB high. In clock design, it is recommended to use on-chip dedicated clock resources. Local clocks (such as logic-generated clocks) are not recommended.
The middle column of each Virtex-6 contains a dedicated configuration pin (CFG) and the rest of the column is CLB. A CMT column is arranged on the right side. Each zone (40 CLB high) corresponds to one CMT. A CMT contains 2 Mixed Mode Clock Management Units (MMCMs) and 32 vertical global clock trees. There is one clock line (HROW) in the middle of each clock region, including 12 horizontal clock lines, 6 BUFRs, and up to 12 BUFHs. The clock resource diagram of Virtex-6 is shown in Figure 5-7.
There is one I/O column on each of the left and right sides of each Virtex-6 FPGA middle column, labeled IOCL and IOCR, and CLB between the I/O column and the middle column.
There is one horizontal clock line (HROW) in the middle of each area /BANK, and HROW contains horizontal clock lines, BUFG and BUFH. The internal I/O column contains eight global clock pin pairs (GC), and all I/O columns contain four Clock-Capable pin pairs (CC) that can be connected to BUFIO and BUFR. Two of the four CCs of each BANK can be connected to the BUFIO of the adjacent area. In addition, the BUFR and CC pins of the middle column can directly drive the MMCM of the same area, or indirectly drive the BUFG through the vertical global clock line.
The on-chip clock resource of the Virtex-6 device provides clocks for on-chip synchronization components. There are three types of on-chip clock resources, namely global clock resources, regional clock resources, and I/O clock resources.
Figure 5-7 Virtex-6 clock resource diagram
First, the global clock resourcesThe global clock is a dedicated interconnect network that reduces clock skew, duty cycle distortion, and power consumption to increase jitter tolerance.
Virtex-6's global clock resources are designed with a dedicated clock buffer and driver structure to minimize the global clock's latency to CLB, IOB, and BRAM.
The global clock resource consists of the following paths and components.
Second, the global clock inputThe Virtex-6 global clock input contains dedicated global clock input pins and global input buffers. The global clock input pin can be directly connected to an external single-ended or differential clock; the global input buffer (IBUFG) is the first-level global buffer inside the FPGA that is connected to the dedicated global clock input pin.
There are eight global clock inputs in the Virtex-6 device. Eight global clock inputs can be connected to eight clock inputs on the board.
The clock input pin can be used as a normal I/O instead of as a clock input pin.
An external single-ended or differential clock enters the FPGA through a dedicated global clock input pin. Within the FPGA, the signal must be connected to the global input buffer (IBUFG), otherwise an error will be reported during placement and routing.
The global input buffer can be instantiated in the HDL code.
(1) Global clock buffer.
Each Virtex-6 device has 32 global clock buffers, and the clock signal can only drive the global clock network after passing through the BUFG. A global clock input can be connected directly from the P terminal of the differential global clock pin pair to the input of the global clock buffer. Each differential global clock pin pair can be connected to a differential or single-ended clock on the PCB. If a single-ended clock is used, the P terminal of the pin pair must be used because there is only a direct connection on this pin. A single-ended clock must be connected to the positive (P) terminal of the differential global clock pin. If a single-ended clock is connected to the P terminal of a differential pin pair, its N-side cannot be used as another single-ended clock input. However, it can be used as a normal I/O.
The input sources of the global clock buffer include the following.
Global clock input.
The same area of ​​the internal I/O column, the Clock-Capable clock input.
Clock Management Unit (CMT).
Output of other global clock buffers (BUFG).
General purpose interconnection.
Area Clock Buffer (BUFR).
Gigabit transceiver.
The CC input of the Virtex-6 FPGA drives the BUFG indirectly through the vertical clock network in the MMCM column. The 32 BUFGs are divided into two groups of 16 each located at the top and bottom of the device. The top MMCM can only drive the top 16 BUFGs, and the bottom MMCM can only drive the bottom BUFG.
The global clock buffer can also be configured as a multiplexer that can be switched between 2 input clocks. The two clocks can be either synchronous or asynchronous, and the output of the multiplexer is a glitch-free clock.
The various primitive models of the global clock buffer are shown in Table 5-6.
Table 5-6 Primitives of the global clock buffer
(2) Global clock tree and clock network (GCLK).
The global clock tree and clock network in Virtex-6, if not used, is disconnected, which reduces power consumption. In addition, the clock tree also has a management function for load/fanout. All global clock lines and buffers are implemented differentially, which helps improve duty cycle and improve rejection of common mode noise. In the Virtex-6 architecture, the global clock line can be used not only as a clock, but also as other signal lines, such as fanning out larger signals.
(3) Clock area.
What is 5G CPE?
Definition of 5G CPE
CPE stands for Customer Premise Equipment. The so-called front end refers to the equipment in front of the customer's terminal equipment. When we use Wi-Fi, if the distance is far, or there are more rooms, it is easy to appear signal blind spots, resulting in mobile phones or ipads or computers can not receive Wi-Fi signals. The CPE can relay the Wi-Fi signal twice to extend the coverage of Wi-Fi.
What are the benefits of CPE?
Through the following comparison table, it is not difficult to understand the technical advantages of CPE products:
* Currently, the global 5G FWA service is mainly in the Sub-6GHz band, with only the United States and Italy supporting the millimeter wave band.
* 5G CPE integrates the low cost of Wi-Fi and the large bandwidth of 5G, combining the advantages of the two to form a strong complement to traditional fiber broadband.
The relationship between 5G, FWA and CPE
It can be said that FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) will be the most down-to-earth application of 5G technology. FWA business plays a key role in enabling "connecting the unconnected." FWA is a low-cost, easy-to-deploy flexible broadband solution. Compared with wired access technology, FWA has been an ideal choice for deploying broadband in many countries and regions because it does not need to obtain rights of way, dig trenches and bury cables, and drill holes through walls. The development of 5G technology is further promoting the development of FWA.
FWA services (including 4G and 5G) have reached 100 million users. FWA is no longer a niche service; The FWA industry as a whole has been supported by numerous suppliers. Why is that? In the 5G era, 5G CPE receives 5G signals from operator base stations and then converts them into Wi-Fi signals or wired signals to allow more local devices to get online. For operators, the initial user penetration rate of 5G is low, and the investment is difficult to realize quickly; The CPE business can use the idle network to increase revenue for operators, so major operators vigorously promote the development of 5G CPE.
FWA services can be used for both home (To C) and business (To B), and customers have different requirements for CPE devices when using FWA services in different application environments, resulting in consumer grade 5G CPE and industrial grade 5G CPE (similar to home routers and industrial routers).
In 2020, the global market size of 5G CPE will reach 3 million units, and it is expected that in the next five years, the market size of 5G CPE will maintain a compound growth rate of more than 100%, reaching 120 million units in 2025, with a market value of 60 billion yuan. As an important market for 5G CPE, China's 5G CPE market size will reach 1.5 million units in 2020 and is expected to reach 80 million units in 2025, with a market value of 27 billion yuan.
The difference between 5G CPE and other devices
CPE can support a large number of mobile terminals that access the Internet at the same time, and the device can be directly inserted with a SIM card to receive mobile signals. CPE can be widely used in rural areas, cities, hospitals, units, factories, communities and other wireless network access, can save the cost of laying wired networks.
A Router is a hardware device that connects two or more networks, acts as a gateway between networks, and is the main node device of the Internet. Routers use routes to determine the forwarding of data. If it is a home router, it does not support a SIM card slot, and can only receive signals by connecting to optical fiber or cable and then convert it into WI-FI to provide a certain number (several) of terminal devices to surf the Internet.
Industrial 5G CPE is equivalent to 5G industrial routers, and the technology of the two is not very different. On the one hand, the industrial 5G CPE converts 5G network signals into WiFi signals for transmission, and on the other hand, the data received by the WiFi network is converted into 5G network signals for uploading. In addition, industrial 5G CPE generally supports routing functions.
5G CPE trends
According to a research report, after evaluating the products of some mainstream 5G CPE suppliers, many institutions believe that the development of 5G CPE products will continue in two aspects: one is to support mmWave and Sub-6 GHz at the same time; Second, the design will pay attention to humanized operation and installation. The industry development trend will accelerate the demand for 5G in the medical, education and manufacturing industries due to the epidemic, and 5G FWA will promote global 5G CPE shipments.
Wireless Cpe,4G Cat6 Cpe,Mifi 4G,Ufi 4G
Shenzhen MovingComm Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.movingcommiot.com