Without considering the energy loss, the chemical composition of the battery determines its theoretical energy density. The chemical composition depends on the electrode material and electrolyte. The energy density of lithium-air batteries is close to that of gasoline, which may be the highest energy density the battery can achieve. Since thermal management system components and current collectors will increase the total weight of the battery system, the design of such components will also greatly affect the energy density of the battery system.
Power density and fast charging
The power density of the battery is a key factor in determining the efficiency of electric vehicles. In the process of braking energy feedback or fast charging of electric vehicles, the battery needs to have a high power density in order to regain a large amount of energy in a short time. Since the battery system requires a relatively high current density during charging, and the current density during discharge is relatively low, this brings difficulties to the optimization of battery power density. In addition, the aforementioned thermal management systems and current collectors, as well as the design of basic battery components such as electrodes, diaphragms, and electrolytes, will all have an important impact on the optimization of power density.
Service life, reliability and safety
Service life is a key factor that needs to be considered in the battery design process, and it is closely related to the safety and reliability of the battery. Discharges, losses, and failures should all occur slowly in a controllable and monitorable manner. The service life of a battery is not only related to its chemical composition, the design of the battery system also affects the length of the service life. For example, uneven current density distribution, poor charge/discharge control and thermal management systems may accelerate battery loss and increase the probability of failure. The short circuit caused by the metal deposition is likely to cause the degradation of the battery system performance, and may lead to the occurrence of thermal runaway. Therefore, in order to achieve continuous monitoring of the battery system status and failure risk, health status monitoring is an indispensable technology in the battery design process.
cost
Compared with the optimization degree of mechanical powertrain in traditional internal combustion engines, the optimization of high-power battery and electric motor powertrain is not perfect. It is believed that when the battery modules are mass-produced, their productivity will be improved and costs can be reduced at the same time.
Sustainability
Sustainability is also a factor that cannot be ignored in the research and development of new batteries. Relevant departments must formulate relevant policies for the mining, recycling, production and processing technology of raw materials related to new batteries. Sustainability is a legal issue mainly led by the government, but battery manufacturers and automobile companies should also shoulder commercial responsibilities.
Modeling and simulation
Modeling and simulation tools can help developers analyze and optimize basic battery components such as electrodes, electrolytes, and diaphragms. At the same time, thermal management, current collection, and health monitoring systems can also be developed using high-precision multiphysics simulation.
Figure 1 shows the optimized model of the channels in the cooling plate of the battery pack. Thermal management devices are common applications in the automotive industry. For example, the Fiat Research Center uses numerical modeling to study thermal management systems for soft pack batteries in hybrid vehicles.
Figure 1. Multiphysics simulation results of the temperature curve of a liquid-cooled battery pack. The fluid flow and temperature are taken from the three-dimensional model, and the lumped one-dimensional model is used to calculate the heat source of the lithium-ion battery.
By combining the experimental measurement method based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with numerical models, researchers can effectively promote the basic research of battery modules and the development of health monitoring technology. Please refer to French research institutions— —An article published by the Commission on Atomic Energy and Alternative Energy (CEA). The simulation App shown in Figure 2 can import experimental data and use the data in the EIS physics model. The App supports the calculation of various parameters such as electrode activity, surface area, conductivity of different components, mass transfer properties of reactants and products, and the state of charge of electrodes.
Figure 2. The purpose of this simulation app is to explain the experimental measurement results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and show how to use the model and measurement data to evaluate the performance of lithium-ion batteries. The simulation app takes the experimental data of the EIS measurement method as input, simulates the measurement results, and then runs parameter estimation based on the experimental data.
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