The most basic requirement for reading electrical diagrams is to understand the electrical diagrams, to find out the installation location of the electrical engineering items indicated in the diagrams, to analyze the performance or failure causes of electrical equipment based on the working conditions or fault phenomena of electrical equipment, and to propose maintenance and Maintenance plan to eliminate faults or possible hidden dangers in time to ensure that electrical equipment is in good working condition. Beginners first learn to look at the relatively simple electrical diagrams involved in daily work, such as installation drawings, schematics, etc.; then gradually accumulate experience and look at more complex electrical engineering drawings.
Second, what basic knowledge should be seen in the electrical diagram?
The main purpose of reading electrical diagrams is to guide construction, maintenance and equipment management, and the knowledge involved is very broad. For beginners, mastering the basics of electrical diagrams mainly includes the following three aspects.
1. Familiar with the relevant regulations of electrical diagrams
To read electrical diagrams, you need to understand the various standards and specifications related to electrical engineering, especially the representation of wires, electrical graphic symbols, electrical text symbols, wiring and marking methods for lighting fixtures.
2, familiar with the characteristics of common electrical diagrams
Various electrical diagrams have some unique methods of drawing and representing. Only by understanding the various electrical characteristics can you understand the meaning expressed by the electrical diagram. Only by understanding the characteristics of the electrical diagram can we read the map in a targeted manner and achieve the effect of getting twice the result with half the effort.
For example, in the circuit schematic diagram, the position of each electrical contact is drawn according to the normal position when the circuit is not energized and is not subjected to an external force. When analyzing the principle, it should start from the normal position of the contact.
In the schematic diagram of the circuit, the electrical components are not drawn with actual outline drawings, but are drawn using the unified national standard symbols specified by the state.
In the circuit schematic, the electrical components are not drawn together according to their actual position, but are drawn in different circuits according to their functions in the circuit, but their actions are related to each other and must be marked with the same Text symbol.
In the circuit schematic diagram, the cross-wire connection points with direct electrical connection are indicated by small black dots, and the cross-wire connection points without direct electrical connection do not draw small black dots.
Another example is that the electrical lighting construction plan is drawn on the basis of the architectural plan, and the main contents include the following aspects.
a. The location of the power supply line, the wire size, the model number, the number of the roots, and the introduction method (the overhead height is indicated when the overhead is introduced, and the pipe material, noun, pipe diameter, etc. are indicated when the underground laying is introduced).
b. Location of the distribution box (including the main distribution box, distribution box, etc.).
c. Plane position, installation height, installation method and power consumption of each electrical equipment and equipment.
d. The laying method of the line, the nouns, pipe diameters, wire nouns, specifications, and number of wires.
e. The number of the circuit leading from each distribution box.
f. Roof lightning protection plan and outdoor grounding plan, also reflecting the lightning protection belt layout plane, selecting materials, names, specifications, lightning protection down conductor laying, grounding electrode materials, specifications, installation requirements, etc.
For another example, the power distribution system diagram is used to indicate the overall appearance and connection relationship of the entire lighting power supply line. The main contents include: the power supply mode and capacity allocation of the building; the layout form of the power supply line, the incoming line, and the trunk lines, branch lines, and wiring. Quantity, specifications and laying methods: number and type of distribution box and watt-hour meter , switch, fuse, etc.
3. Familiar with the structure and principle of electrical components
Each circuit is composed of various electrical components. For example, in the power supply circuit, high-voltage isolating switches , circuit breakers , fuses, transformers, lightning arresters, etc. are commonly used; in low-voltage circuits, various relays and contacts are commonly used. And control switches, etc. Therefore, when looking at the circuit diagram, we must first understand the performance of these electrical components, the mutual control relationship and the position and role in the whole circuit, in order to understand the flow process and working principle of the current in the entire circuit, otherwise the circuit diagram can not be seen got it.
For example, the contacts of the contactor include a main contact and an auxiliary contact, the main contact functions to turn on and off the main circuit to control a large current; the auxiliary contact acts as an electrical interlock in the control circuit, generally moving Combine and break two pairs to meet the requirements of various control methods. When reading the relay - the schematic diagram of the contactor control system, it must be known that the contact state of the relay and the contactor coil will change after it is energized (as to how to change according to the circuit principle), so as to control the principle of other loops. . If you don't understand these principles, you can't read the electrical diagram.
At the same time, mastering the position, function, characteristics, main technical indicators and functional functions of the main components can help us understand the guiding ideology of the circuit diagram. For the circuit diagram, the block diagram, and the components on the component map, check the number. When necessary, the actual board and several diagrams can be combined for analysis.
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