Ethereum is a brand new and open blockchain platform that allows anyone to build and use decentralized applications running through blockchain technology on the platform. Just like Bitcoin, Ethereum is not controlled by anyone, nor is it owned by anyone—it is an open source project, created by many people around the world.
Unlike the Bitcoin protocol, the design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable. It is very easy to create new applications on the Ethereum platform, and anyone can safely use the applications on the platform.
Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. This technology was first described in the white paper "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. The more general uses of blockchain technology have been discussed in the original book, but it was not until a few years later that blockchain technology appeared as a general term.
A blockchain is a distributed computing architecture in which each network node executes and records the same transaction, and the transactions are grouped into blocks. Only one block can be added at a time, and each block has a mathematical proof to ensure that the new block keeps the order of the previous block.
In this way, the "distributed database" of the blockchain can be consistent with the entire network. The interaction (transactions) between individual users and the general ledger is protected by a secure password. The economic incentives that are executed by mathematics and encoded into the protocol stimulate the nodes that maintain and verify the network.
In Bitcoin, a distributed database is conceived as an account balance table, a general ledger, and transactions are the transfer of Bitcoin to realize financial activities between individuals without a trust basis. But as Bitcoin has attracted the attention of more and more developers and technical experts, new projects have begun to use the Bitcoin network for purposes other than the transfer of valuable tokens.
Many of them are in the form of "tokens"-based on the original Bitcoin protocol, new features or functions are added, and independent blockchains of their respective cryptocurrencies are used. At the end of 2013, Vitalik Buterin, the inventor of Ethereum, suggested that a single blockchain capable of running arbitrarily complex operations through program reorganization should contain other programs.
In 2014, the founders of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, Gavin Wood, and Jeffrey Wilcke began to study a new generation of blockchain, trying to achieve a smart contract platform that does not require trust in the whole.
Ethereum Virtual MachineEthereum is a programmable blockchain. It does not give users a series of pre-set operations (such as bitcoin transactions), but allows users to create complex operations according to their wishes. In this way, it can be used as a platform for multiple types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrencies.
In a narrow sense, Ethereum refers to a series of protocols that define a decentralized application platform. Its core is the Ethereum Virtual Machine ("EVM"), which can execute coding of arbitrary complex algorithms. In computer science terms, Ethereum is "Turing complete." Developers can use existing JavaScript and Python and other friendly programming languages ​​as models to create applications that run on the Ethereum simulator.
Like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. The Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs an Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes refer to Ethereum as the "world computer".
This massively parallel operation throughout the entire Ethereum network is not intended to make operations more efficient. In fact, this process makes calculations on Ethereum slower and more expensive than traditional "computers". However, each Ethereum node runs the Ethereum virtual machine in order to maintain the consistency of the entire blockchain. Decentralized consistency makes Ethereum extremely fault-tolerant, guarantees zero downtime, and can keep the data stored on the blockchain forever unchanged and resistant to censorship.
The Ethereum platform itself has no characteristics and no value. Similar to a programming language, it is up to entrepreneurs and developers to determine its use. However, it is clear that certain types of applications benefit more from the features of Ethereum than others. Ethereum is especially suitable for applications that automatically interact directly between points or promote group coordination activities across networks.
For example, to coordinate the application of peer-to-peer markets, or the automation of complex financial contracts. Bitcoin enables individuals to exchange money without resorting to other intermediaries such as financial institutions, banks or governments. The impact of Ethereum may be more far-reaching.
In theory, any complex financial activities or transactions can be automatically and reliably performed on Ethereum with codes. In addition to financial applications, any application scenarios that require high trust, security, and durability-such as asset registration, voting, management, and the Internet of Things-will be affected by the Ethereum platform on a large scale.
How does Ethereum workEthereum incorporates many features and technologies that are very familiar to Bitcoin users, and at the same time it has made many amendments and innovations. The Bitcoin blockchain is purely a list of transactions, while the basic unit of Ethereum is an account. The Ethereum blockchain tracks the status of each account, and all state transitions on the Ethereum blockchain are the transfer of value and information between accounts.
There are two types of accounts:
1. External account (EOA), controlled by private password
2. Contract accounts are controlled by their contract codes and can only be "activated" by external accounts
For most users, the basic difference between the two is that the external account is controlled by human users-because they can control the private key, which in turn controls the external account. The contract account is controlled by internal codes. If they are "controlled" by human users, it is also because the program sets them to be controlled by an external account with a specific address, and then by the person who holds the private key to control the external account.
The popular term "smart contract" refers to the code in the contract account-the program that runs when a transaction is sent to that account. Users can create new contracts by deploying codes in the blockchain.
Only when an external account issues an instruction, the contract account will perform the corresponding operation. Therefore, a contract account cannot spontaneously perform operations such as arbitrary digital generation or application interface calls-it will only do these things when prompted by an external account. This is because Ethereum requires nodes to be consistent with the calculation results, which requires strict determination of execution.
Like Bitcoin, Ethereum users must pay a small transaction fee to the network. This can protect the Ethereum blockchain from irrelevant or malicious computing tasks, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks or infinite loops. The sender of the transaction must pay at every step of the activated "program", including calculations and memory storage. Fees are paid in the form of Ethereum's own valuable tokens.
The transaction fee is collected by the node, and the node makes the network effective. These "miners" are nodes in the Ethereum network that collect, disseminate, confirm, and execute transactions. Miners group transactions-including many updates to the "state" of accounts in the Ethereum blockchain-into groups called "blocks", and miners compete with each other so that their blocks can be added to the next On a blockchain. Miners will be rewarded with Ether for every successful block they dig. This brings economic incentives to people, prompting people to contribute hardware and electricity to the Ethereum network.
Like the Bitcoin network, miners have the task of solving complex mathematical problems in order to successfully "mine" blocks. This is called "Proof of Work". An arithmetic problem, if it is solved algorithmically, requires more resources than a verification solution, then it is an excellent choice for proof of work.
In order to prevent the centralization phenomenon that has occurred in the Bitcoin network and caused by specialized hardware (such as special-purpose integrated circuits), Ethereum chose the difficult-to-store operation problem. If the problem requires memory and CPU, in fact the ideal hardware is an ordinary computer. This makes Ethereum's workload proof to be resistant to specific-purpose integrated circuits, and it can bring a more decentralized and secure distribution than Bitcoin, which is a blockchain that is controlled by specialized hardware for mining.
Web 3: Decentralized Application Platform
Many people believe that an open and trustless blockchain platform like Ethereum is very suitable as a shared "backend" of Web 3.0, a decentralized and secure Internet like Web3.0, and its core services, such as DNS and Digital identity is decentralized, and individuals can participate in economic interactions.
As the Ethereum developers hope, Ethereum is a blank canvas on which you can create anything you want. The purpose of the Ethereum protocol is to generalize so that its core features can be combined in any way. Ideally, data collection and processing programs on Ethereum will use the Ethereum blockchain to build solutions that rely on decentralized consistency to provide new products and services that were previously impossible.
It is more appropriate to call Ethereum an ecosystem: the core protocol is supported by different infrastructures, codes, and communities, which together form the Ethereum project. You can also understand Ethereum by observing projects that use Ethereum. There are already many projects based on Ethereum that are very eye-catching, such as Augur, Digix, Maker and many other projects (see Data Acquisition and Processing Programs).
In addition, the development team has established open source components that everyone can use. Although these organizations are independent of the Ethereum Fund and have their own organizational goals, they are undoubtedly beneficial to the entire Ethereum ecosystem.
Smart contractAre you willing to sign a contract with someone you have never met? Would you agree to lend money to farmers in Ethiopia? Would you like to invest in a newspaper run by a few people in a war-torn area? Would you bother to sign a legally binding contract for an online purchase of $5?
Most of the answers are no, because the contract requires too many foundations: sometimes it requires a mutually trusting working relationship between the two parties, and sometimes it depends on a legal working system, police and lawyer fees.
In Ethereum, none of these are needed: if the requirements necessary for the contract can be placed in the blockchain, then they will be placed in the blockchain. This is an environment that requires no trust and almost no cost.
Don't think that it will be troublesome to transfer your existing contracts to the blockchain. Think about the thousands of small contracts that you have rejected because they are not economically feasible or do not have sufficient legal protection.
DAOHere is a simple example: imagine you have a small business with a friend. Lawyers and accountants are expensive, and having complete trust in letting a single partner take care of the account books may make you nervous (it may even be an opportunity for fraud). You can try multiple partners to take care of the account books together, but as long as the agreement is not strictly followed, fraud may occur.
Using smart contracts, the company’s ownership and the terms of fund distribution can be specified in detail from the beginning. The way the smart contract is signed is that the contract can be changed only if most owners approve it. Such smart contracts can be obtained like open source software, and you don't even have to hire your own programmers to replace accountants and lawyers.
Such a smart contract can immediately determine the distribution proportionally. The distribution of income from lemonade stations by a few young people can be as transparent as the distribution of income by sovereign funds to the billions of citizens who own funds. In both cases, the cost of such transparency may be less than a cent per dollar.
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